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In this section the concept of solid angle is defined as a generalization of angle in plane geometry

The Gauss law of electrostatics follows from the Coulomb’s law for a point charge and superposition principle. The Gauss law along with the Gauss divergence theorem of vector calculus imply Maxwell’s first equation \(\nabla\cdot\bar{E}=\rho/\epsilon_0\) for electrostatics

The Gauss law of electrostatics follows from the Coulomb’s law for a point charge and superposition principle. The proof given here follows Feynman’s lectures. It makes use of two important features of the electric field due to a point charge. These are
(i) the magnitude of the field obeying the inverse square law, and
(ii) radial direction of the electric field of a point charge. The above two properties are essential to the proof. Gauss law will not hold for hypothetical field, not having both the properties.

Electric field due to several charge distributions, listed in the table of contents, is computed using Coulomb’s law.

Coulomb’s law is stated for electric field of a point particle. For several point charges the field is obtained as a vector sum of the fields of individual charges

We will call \(\vec B\) field as magnetic field when no medium is present.\\ In presence of a magnetic medium, \(\vec B\) will be called magnetic flux density or  magnetic induction. The field \(vec H\) will called  magnetic intensity or magnetic field intensity

Find the direction and magnitude of $\vec{E}$ at the center of a square with charges at the corners as shown in figure below. Assume that $ q= 1\times 10^{-8}$coul, $a=5$cm